核心概念：从与非门到处理器Core concepts: from NAND to a processor

沿一条主线讲清协议的全部积木：逻辑门、晶体管代币、处理器工厂、画布与流片、电路的调用方式与限制。The protocol's building blocks along one line: logic gates, transistor tokens, the processor factory, the canvas and tapeout, and how circuits are called.

主线只有六个词：晶体管 → 画布 → 流片 → 电路 → 处理器 → 容器。这一章把每块积木单独讲清，容器与地址的部分在电路、容器与地址展开。

flowchart LR subgraph s1 ["设计侧"] A["画布<br/>浏览器内仿真，免费"] --> B["网表<br/>哪个门接哪个门"] end subgraph s2 ["链上"] C["晶体管代币"] --> D["流片交易"] B --> D D --> E["电路 NFT"] E --> F["容器"] end C -.->|销毁| D

逻辑门：NAND 与 LATCH

NAND（与非门） 是唯一的组合逻辑元件，规则只有一条：两个输入都是 1 时输出 0，其他情况输出 1。它的完备性保证了任何组合逻辑——从加法器到整颗 CPU——都能只用它搭出来。

LATCH（锁存器） 提供时序能力，保存 1 位状态并随出块更新。宣言的原话是：只有与非门的世界没有记忆，而没有记忆的东西不能称之为计算机。

NANDLATCH
元数2 输入 1 输出1 位状态
作用组合逻辑（算）时序逻辑（记）
面积权重16
单件体积7 字节—

晶体管代币

元件在链上以代币形式存在，这样它们才能被铸造、买卖与销毁：

资产标准特性
晶体管ERC-1155同种元件多份相同，按处理器隔离，元件不能跨处理器通用
电路ERC-721每一枚都唯一，逻辑以网表数据存在合约里

晶体管的铸造单价、总量与收入分成由处理器创建者设定并冻结，写入后不可修改。

处理器：元件发行厂

处理器由工厂合约创建，一套处理器 = 一套独立元件 + 一套独立电路编号。因此「#12 电路」单独说没有意义，必须带上处理器编号，写成 #ID@处理器编号。

画布与流片

画布是浏览器里的电路编辑器：把 NAND、LATCH 拖入，从一个输出端拉线到另一个输入端即完成连接。画布上的一切在你自己的浏览器里实时仿真，不上链、不花钱，可以反复试错。专业工具导出的 BLIF 网表文件（描述电路连线的通用格式，可由 Yosys、ABC 等芯片设计软件生成）也可直接导入。

流片才是链上动作：

  1. 1
    打开画布设计拖入元件、连线，切换输入核对逻辑，全程免费。
  2. 2
    仿真验证用只读调用喂输入看输出，确认逻辑正确；流片后不可改。
  3. 3
    提交设计承诺（可选）先登记承诺再流片，防止设计被抢跑；官网生成含 salt 的备份文件，开挖前不要分享。
  4. 4
    选择处理器想挖矿必须选 TapeOut（#30）或 Behemoth（#1）；处理器也会影响 gas 与授权。
  5. 5
    发起流片交易用到的元件代币当场销毁，链上铸出一枚电路 NFT，交易不可撤销。

电路的调用

电路是一段永远开着的函数：调用是只读查询（view call），不需要连接钱包、不花 gas、不发交易。电路内部没有「调用别人」的操作，也没有可写状态——所以收下一个陌生人的电路，最坏结果只是返回一个错误的答案，不会动到你的资产。

引用（REF）

画布允许把已有电路当黑盒拖进新设计复用，宣言称之为「乐高化的处理器制作」。但这与挖矿规则冲突：引用别人的电路时没有再烧一次元件，而电路面积却把被引用部分算了进去。官方给出的极端例子是，14 个「零烧壳」就能把真实设计者的份额从 100% 压到 28%。

因此当前版本的 PoD 规则规定：含引用的电路完全不合格，连未验证池都进不去。规则的原则是每一份算力背后必须有等量、不可逆销毁的元件。

flowchart LR A["自己的 NAND/LATCH"] -->|流片销毁| B["合格电路<br/>可认领题目"] C["引用他人电路"] -->|未销毁新元件| D["不合格电路<br/>不参与挖矿"]

从电路到应用

电路本身只提供逻辑。要让它在链上「活」起来，还需要容器：一个绑在电路上的 ERC-6551 账户，用来存资产、挂 tape:// 网站、收发加密消息。容器的控制权就是电路 NFT 的持有人，转手电路即转手容器内的一切。

继续阅读：电路、容器与地址 讲容器与命名规则，第一次上手 给出完整操作流程。

One chain

Transistor → canvas → tapeout → circuit → processor → container. This chapter lays out each building block; one or two lines each is enough.

Logic gates: NAND and LATCH

  • NAND: output 0 only when both inputs are 1, otherwise 1. NAND alone can build any logic circuit — adders, comparators, even a whole CPU.
  • LATCH: remembers one bit of state, updated on each "heartbeat". Without it a circuit can only compute from the current inputs and cannot recall the previous step.

TapeOut ships only these two parts. The manifesto puts it: one basic element and one cell of memory — from these two you can build the whole universe.

Transistor tokens

Once NAND and LATCH go on-chain they become tokens, collectively called transistors.

  • ERC-1155: suits assets where one kind has many identical copies;
  • they are minted first, and can also be traded on the market;
  • every processor has its own transistor contract, e.g. TapeOut 0xCC42…808, Behemoth 0xE2Df…550c, Genesis 0x1d23…DFE6.
Transistors from different processors are not the same thing: before buying, check which processor's NAND/LATCH you are getting, or you may tape out to the wrong place or fail to mine.

Processors: a transistor "issuing plant"

A processor (also called a "project" in the UI) is created by the factory contract — a transistor factory plus circuit numbering system:

  • anyone can open one for 0.001 BNB;
  • at creation the total transistor supply, mint price and revenue share are fixed; revenue from others minting is claimed manually on the detail page;
  • processors are numbered in creation order, from 0, only growing;
  • as of 2026-09-25 the factory contract shows 1,043 processors; only circuits on Behemoth (#1) and TapeOut (#30) can join PoD mining.
No.On-chain nameCommon nameNote
0Genesis CPUGenesisthe tape://4246.0.tape example site lives on it
1Blonskr_No1Behemothon-chain CPU matching the Intel 4004; mining factor P=6
30TapeOutTapeOutthe default tapeout processor; mining factor P=1

Canvas and tapeout

The canvas is the site's circuit design tool: drag NAND and LATCH in, pull a wire from one output to another input, and you have made a connection. It simulates in your own browser, off-chain and free — retry as much as you like.

When happy, press "tape out on-chain":

  • the transistor tokens you used are really burned;
  • an ERC-721 circuit NFT is minted, each one unique;
  • the logic is stored on-chain as data (which gate feeds which), officially the netlist.

Two things to know: one tapeout transaction cannot hold a huge circuit — data over roughly 40,000 bytes fails, so large circuits are split into several; and with Yosys/ABC you can import an exported BLIF file straight into the canvas. Tapeout is irreversible: burned transistors do not come back.

A circuit: a function that is always on

After tapeout a circuit becomes a function anyone can call:

  • calls are read-only (a view call): no transaction, no gas, no wallet. A circuit has no "call someone else" operation and no writable state — so, the manifesto says, taking in a stranger's circuit "at worst returns a wrong answer";
  • the canvas lets you drag an existing circuit in as a "black box" and reuse it — this is referencing (REF), which the manifesto calls "LEGO-style processor building".
REF and mining: the protocol allows references, but current PoD mining bars circuits that contain references (see the "$BEM & Mining" chapter).